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Data conflicts can occur within any environment that enables distributed processing of transactions. When changes can be made at multiple locations to the same piece of data, a mechanism has to be created to ensure that the changes are handled. Applications processing changes against a single database already have a method of handling conflicting changes: either overwriting any change with the most recent change or rejecting the change and letting the user know that the data has changed since it was extracted. Although these processes are in place at an application level, they do not help in a distributed environment because the applications are executing against a local copy. The conflicting change occurs only when the replication engine tries to synchronize all the changes. Data conflicts occur only between cycles of the replication agent, so the frequency is minimized. After a cycle of the replication agent has completed, the normal detection mechanisms within an application can be used because the entire set of data is then local to the application. Data conflicts occur only with merge replication, transaction replication with queued updating subscribers, bidirectional transactional replication, and peer-to-peer transac tional replication because changes can be processed on both the publisher and the subscriber.

Figure 3-2

There are three types of conflicts that can occur:

SQL Server opens all database and log files with this flag The flag indicates that on any write request, the FUA bit should be sent with the request to the subsystem This bit indicates to the subsystem that data must reach stable media before the I/O is to be considered complete and the operating system signaled that the I/O is complete No intermediate cache should be used that is not considered stable media In other words, the write should go directly to the stable media; this process is called writethrough..

Insertion of a duplicate primary key occurs when two users insert the same primary key on both the publisher and subscriber. A conflicting update occurs when two users modify the same row at both the pub lisher and subscriber. An update of a nonexistent row occurs when one user updates a row on one side of the replication architecture and another user deletes the same row on the other side.

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This prevents problems that occur when a cache (such as a disk cache that is not battery backed up) accepts the I/O and informs SQL Server that the I/O is complete, when in fact it has not yet been stored to stable media. Without this capability, SQL Server could not rely on the system to support WAL protocol needs.

7. Select the Apply Filter check box and then click OK. 8. Examine the log file summary. It should display only events with the source of Server. 9. Click Filter again. Click Clear to remove the filter and then click OK to close the Filter Settings dialog box. 10. Close the Log File Viewer.

The replication engine is required to maintain a single coherent copy of the data between the publisher and subscriber. Data conflicts pose a significant issue to main taining coherency, so merge replication and transactional replication with queued updating subscribers have a mechanism to detect and resolve conflicts. The detection and resolution are referred to as conflict resolution. The component that performs con flict resolution is known as a conflict resolver. SQL Server ships with several built-in conflict resolvers. The two most common, which are available for both merge and transaction with queued updating subscribers, are the following:

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) disk specifications and implementations do not have clear standards for how the FUA request is handled. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) disk specifications and implementations use the FUA request to disable physical disk caches and other caching mechanisms. In many IDE implementations, the FUA request is simply discarded by the IDE hardware, thereby making this type of subsystem unsafe to use with SQL Server or with any other product that relies on the FUA behavior. Because of the need to honor the FUA setting, some IDE drive manufacturers have utilities that permit IDE drive caches to be disabled, making them safe for use with SQL Server. Data Pages The SQL Server database page size is 8 KB. Each page contains a header with fields such as Page Number, Object Id, LSN, Index Id, Torn bits, and Types. The actual row data is located on the remaining portion of the page. The internal database structures track the allocation state of the data pages in the database. Page Number A page number is a value from 0 through ((Max File Size/8 KB)-1). The page number multiplied by 8 KB provides the offset in the file to the first byte in the page.